1. Nānā nui
Pono e hele i ke kaʻina fermentation compost ke ʻano o ka hoʻohua ʻana i ka compost organic kiʻekiʻe.ʻO ka compost kahi hana i hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā microorganism ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana e hana ai i kahi huahana kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāina.
ʻO ka compost, kahi hana kahiko a maʻalahi o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻōpala organik a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu, ua huki nui ʻia i nā ʻāina he nui ma muli o kona koʻikoʻi kaiaola, lawe pū mai ia i nā pono i ka hana mahiʻai.Ua hōʻike ʻia e hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia nā maʻi e lawe ʻia e ka lepo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka compost decomposed ma ke ʻano he moena hua.Ma hope o ka pae wela kiʻekiʻe o ke kaʻina hana composting, hiki i ka helu o nā bacteria antagonistic ke piʻi i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka decompose, paʻa, a maʻalahi hoʻi e komo i nā mea kanu.I kēia manawa, hiki i ka hana o nā microorganisms ke hōʻemi i ka ʻona o nā metala kaumaha ma kekahi ʻano.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia he ala maʻalahi a maikaʻi hoʻi ka compost e hana ai i nā mea kanu bio-organic, kahi mea e pono ai ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mahiʻai kaiaola.
No ke aha e hana ai ka compost e like me kēia?Eia ka wehewehe kikoʻī o nā loina o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana.
2. Ke kumu o ka fermentation compost
2.1 Ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea ola i ka wā e hoʻopuehu ai
Hiki ke hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka mea organik i ka compost ma lalo o ka hana a nā microorganism i ʻelua mau kaʻina: ʻo ka mineralization o nā mea organik, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka decomposition o nā mea organik paʻakikī i nā mea maʻalahi, ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe ke kaʻina hana humification o nā mea organik. ʻo ia hoʻi, ka decomposition a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea organik e hoʻohua ai i nā mea kūlohelohe kūikawā-humus.Hana ʻia nā kaʻina hana ʻelua i ka manawa like akā ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe.Ma lalo o nā kūlana likeʻole,ʻokoʻa ka ikaika o kēlā me kēia kaʻina hana.
2.1.1 Mineralization o ka mea olaola
- ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā mea organik ʻole nitrogen
ʻO nā pūhui polysaccharide (starch, cellulose, hemicellulose) e hoʻoheheʻe mua ʻia i loko o ka monosaccharides e nā enzyme hydrolytic i huna ʻia e nā microorganism.ʻAʻole maʻalahi nā huahana waena e like me ka waiʻona, acetic acid, a me ka oxalic acid i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, a ma hope i hana ʻia CO₂ a me H₂O, a hoʻokuʻu i ka ikehu wela.Inā maikaʻi ʻole ka ea, ma lalo o ka hana a ka microbe, e decompose mālie ka monosaccharide, e hoʻoemi i ka wela, a e hōʻiliʻili i kekahi mau huahana waena-organic acid.Ma lalo o ke kūlana o nā microorganisms e hoʻolei ana i ke kinoea, hiki ke hana ʻia nā mea hoʻemi e like me CH₄ a me H₂.
- ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana mai ka mea ʻona i loko o ka nitrogen
ʻO nā mea ola kino i loko o ka Nitrogen i loko o ka compost ka pūmua, nā amino acids, alkaloids, hummus, a pēlā aku.Ma waho aʻe o ka humus, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka decomposed.No ka laʻana, ʻo ka protein, ma lalo o ka hana a kahi protease i huna ʻia e ka microorganism, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kēlā me kēia pae, hana i nā ʻakika amino like ʻole, a laila hana i ka paʻakai ammonium a me ka nitrate i kēlā me kēia ma o ka ammoniation a me ka nitration, hiki ke komo a hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea kanu.
- ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui i loko o ka phosphorus i loko o ka compost
Ma lalo o ka hana a nā ʻano microorganisms saprophytic, hoʻokumu i ka waikawa phosphoric, a lilo ia i meaʻai e hiki ai i nā mea kanu ke komo a hoʻohana.
- Ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea ola i loko o ka sulfur
ʻO nā mea olaola i loko o ka sulfur i loko o ka compost, ma o ka hana a nā microorganism e hana i ka hydrogen sulfide.He mea maʻalahi ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka hydrogen sulfide i loko o ke kaiapuni o ke kinoea makemake ʻole, a hiki ke make i nā mea kanu a me nā microorganism.Akā, ma lalo o ka maikaʻi-ventilated kūlana, hydrogen sulfide ua oxidized i sulfuricʻakika ma lalo o ka hana o ka sulfur bacteria a reacts me ke kumu o ka compost e hana sulfate, ka mea, aole wale e eliminates ka toxicity o hydrogen sulfide, a lilo sulfur nā mea kanu hiki ke komo.Ma lalo o ke kūlana o ka ea makani maikaʻi ʻole, ua hiki mai ka sulfation, kahi i nalowale ai ka H₂S a make i ka mea kanu.Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka compost fermentation, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka ea o ka compost ma ka hoʻohuli pinepine ʻana i ka compost, no laila hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia ka anti-sulfuration.
- ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā lipids a me nā mea hoʻohuihui ʻala
E like me ka tannin a me ka resin, paʻakikī a lohi i ka decompose, a ʻo nā huahana hope hoʻi ʻo CO₂ a me ka wai ʻo Lignin kahi pūhui kūlohelohe paʻa i loaʻa nā mea kanu (e like me ka ʻili, sawdust, etc.) i ka compost.He paʻakikī loa ka decompose ma muli o kona ʻano paʻakikī a me ka nucleus ʻala.Ma lalo o ke kūlana o ka ventila maikaʻi, hiki ke hoʻololi i ka nucleus aromatic i loko o nā pūhui quinoid ma o ka hana o nā fungi a me Actinomycetes, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea maka no ka resynthesis o humus.ʻOiaʻiʻo, e hoʻomau ʻia kēia mau mea ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana.
ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, hiki i ka mineralization o nā mea organik compost ke hāʻawi i nā meaʻai wikiwiki no nā mea kanu a me nā microorganisms, hāʻawi i ka ikehu no nā hana microbial, a hoʻomākaukau i nā mea kumu no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā mea organik composted.Ke hoʻomalu ʻia ka compost e nā microorganism aerobic, ʻo ka mineralize ka mea organik e hoʻohua i ke kalapona dioxide, ka wai, a me nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe, decomposes wikiwiki a maikaʻi loa, a hoʻokuʻu i ka nui o ka ikehu wela. ikehu wela, a me na hua decomposition he mea hou aku i na mea kanu meaai, he mea ma'alahi ka houluulu ana i na waika organic a me na mea hoemi e like me CH₄, H₂S, PH₃, H₂, etc.No laila, ʻo ka ʻoki ʻana o ka compost i ka wā fermentation no laila ke manaʻo ʻia e hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ka hana microbial e hoʻopau i nā mea ʻino.
2.1.2 Hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā mea ola
Nui nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o humus, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: ʻo ka pae mua, i ka wā e wāwahi ʻia ai nā koena organik e hana i nā mea maka e hana ai i nā molekole humus, i ka lua o ka pae, polyphenol i oxidized i quinone e ka Polyphenol oxidase i huna ʻia e ka microorganism, a laila hoʻopili ʻia ka quinone me ka amino acid a i ʻole peptide e hana i ka monomer humus.No ka mea, ʻaʻole like ka phenol, quinine, amino acid, ʻaʻole like ka condensation, no laila ʻokoʻa ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka monomer humus.Ma lalo o nā kūlana like ʻole, hoʻohui hou kēia mau monomers e hana i nā molekala o nā ʻano nui like ʻole.
2.2 Ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā metala kaumaha i ka wā o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana
ʻO ka sludge municipal kekahi o nā mea waiwai maikaʻi loa no ka compost a me ka fermentation no ka mea aia nā mea momona momona a me nā mea ola no ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu.Akā he mau metala koʻikoʻi kēia mau metala koʻikoʻi i ka mercury, chromium, cadmium, lead, arsenic, a pēlā aku.He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā microorganisms, ʻoi aku ka bacteria a me nā fungi i ka biotransformation o nā metala kaumaha.ʻOiai hiki i kekahi mau microorganism ke hoʻololi i ka noho ʻana o nā metala koʻikoʻi i loko o ke kaiapuni, hoʻolilo i nā kemika i mea ʻawaʻawa a hoʻoulu i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi o ke kaiapuni, a i ʻole e noʻonoʻo i nā metala kaumaha, a hōʻiliʻili ma ke kaulahao meaʻai.Akā hiki i kekahi mau microbes ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kaiapuni ma o ka wehe ʻana i nā metala kaumaha mai ke kaiapuni ma o nā hana pololei a pololei ʻole.ʻO ka hoʻololi microbial o HG he ʻekolu mau ʻano, ʻo ia hoʻi ka methylation o ka mercury inorganic (Hg₂+), ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka mercury inorganic (Hg₂+) i ka HG0, ka decomposition, a me ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka methylmercury a me nā pūhui mercury ʻē aʻe i HG0.ʻO kēia mau microorganisms hiki ke hoʻololi i ka mercury inorganic a me ka organik i loko o ka mercury elemental, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia nā microorganisms-resistant.ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki i nā microorganisms ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā metala kaumaha, hiki iā lākou ke hōʻemi i ka ʻawaʻawa o nā metala kaumaha ma ke kāohi ʻana i ko lākou ala hoʻololi.
2.3 Ka hana compost a me ka fermentation
ʻO ka compost kahi ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻōpala, akā pono ia i ka haʻahaʻa kūikawā, nā kūlana ea, a me nā microorganism e hana i ka wela kūpono.Manaʻo ʻia ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana ma mua o 45 °C (ma kahi o 113 degere Fahrenheit), e mālama ana i ke kiʻekiʻe e hiki ai ke hoʻopau i nā pathogens a pepehi i nā ʻanoano mauʻu.He haʻahaʻa, ʻano paʻa, a maʻalahi hoʻi ke komo ʻia e nā mea kanu ka nui o ka decomposition o ke koena mea ola ma hope o ka hoʻopulapula kūpono.Hiki ke hoʻemi nui ʻia ke ʻala ma hope o ka hoʻopu ʻana.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana compost e pili ana i nā ʻano microorganisms like ʻole.Ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea maka a me nā kūlana, ke loli mau nei ka nui o nā microorganisms like ʻole, no laila ʻaʻohe microorganism e hoʻomalu mau i ka hana compost.Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kaiapuni kona kaiāulu microbial kikoʻī, a ʻo ka ʻokoʻa microbial e hiki ai i ka composting ke pale i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana ʻoiai ke loli nā kūlana o waho.
Hana ʻia ka hana compost e nā microorganisms, ʻo ia ke kino nui o ka fermentation composting.No nā kumu ʻelua nā microbes i komo i ka compost: ka nui o nā microbes i loaʻa i loko o ka ʻōpala organik, a me kahi inokulum microbial artificial.Ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, hiki i kēia mau ʻano ke hoʻoheheʻe i kekahi mau ʻōpala organik a loaʻa nā ʻano o ka hana ikaika, ka hoʻolaha wikiwiki ʻana, a me ka decomposition wikiwiki o nā mea organik, hiki ke wikiwiki i ke kaʻina hana compost, e hoʻopōkole i ka manawa pane.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka compost i ʻelua ʻano ʻano composting aerobic a me anaerobic compost.ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana aerobic ke kaʻina decomposition o nā mea ola ma lalo o nā kūlana aerobic, a ʻo kāna mau huahana metabolic ka nui o carbon dioxide, wai, a me ka wela;ʻO ka anaerobic composting ke kaʻina decomposition o nā mea ola ma lalo o nā kūlana anaerobic, ʻo nā metabolites hope loa o ka decomposition anaerobic he methane, carbon dioxide a me nā mea waena haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, e like me nā waikawa organik.
ʻO nā ʻano microbial nui i komo i ka hana compost ʻo ia ka bacteria, fungi, a me actinomycetes.Loaʻa i kēia mau ʻano microorganism ʻekolu i ka mesophilic bacteria a me hyperthermophilic bacteria.
I loko o ke kaʻina hana compost, ua hoʻololi like ʻia ka heluna kanaka microbial e like me kēia: ua hoʻololi nā kaiāulu microbial wela haʻahaʻa a me nā kaiāulu microbial wela kiʻekiʻe, a ua hoʻololi ʻia nā kaiāulu microbial waena a me ke kiʻekiʻe i ke kaiāulu microbial haʻahaʻa a haʻahaʻa.Me ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻia o ka manawa compost, ua emi mālie ka bacteria, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia nā actinomycetes, a ua emi nui ka mold a me ka hū i ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻopili ʻana.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaʻina hana fermentation o ka compost organik i ʻehā mau pae:
2.3.1 I ka wā hoʻomehana
I ka wā mua o ka compost, ʻo nā microorganisms i loko o ka compost ka nui o ka mahana haʻahaʻa a me ka lewa maikaʻi, ʻo ka mea maʻamau ʻo ia ka bacteria non-spore, spore bacteria, a me ka mold.Hoʻomaka lākou i ke kaʻina hana fermentation o ka compost, a hoʻoheheʻe i nā mea ola (e like me ke kō maʻalahi, starch, protein, etc.) me ka ikaika ma lalo o ke ʻano o ka lewa maikaʻi, e hana ana i ka nui o ka wela a hoʻonui mau i ka mahana o ka compost, ka piʻi ʻana mai. ma kahi o 20 °C (ma kahi o 68 degere Fahrenheit) a hiki i 40 °C (ma kahi o 104 degere Fahrenheit) ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka pae febrile, a i ʻole ka pae wela waena.
2.3.2 I ka wā wela kiʻekiʻe
Lawe mālie nā microorganism mehana mai nā ʻano mahana a piʻi mau ka mahana, maʻamau ma luna o 50 °C (ma kahi o 122 degere Fahrenheit) i loko o kekahi mau lā, i ka pae wela kiʻekiʻe.I ka pae kiʻekiʻe-mehana, ʻo nā actinomycetes wela maikaʻi a me ka haʻiki wela maikaʻi e lilo i ʻano nui.Na lākou e hoʻohiolo i nā mea olaola paʻakikī i loko o ka compost, e like me cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, a pēlā aku.Piʻi ka wela a piʻi ka mahana compost i 60 °C (ma kahi o 140 degere Fahrenheit), he mea nui kēia e wikiwiki i ka hana compost.ʻO ka compost pono ʻole, he pōkole loa ka wela wela, a ʻaʻohe wela kiʻekiʻe, a no laila lohi loa ka oʻo ʻana, i ka hapalua makahiki a ʻoi aku paha ʻaʻole ka hapalua o ke kūlana oʻo.
2.3.3 I ka manawa hooluolu
Ma hope o kekahi manawa i ka wā wela, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hapa nui o ka cellulose, hemicellulose, a me nā mea pectin, e waiho ana i nā mea paʻakikī paʻakikī (e like me ka lignin) a me ka humus hou, ua emi ka hana o nā micro-organisms. a ua emi iki ka mahana.Ke hāʻule ka mahana ma lalo o 40 °C (ma kahi o 104 degere Fahrenheit), lilo nā microorganism mesophilic i mea nui.
Inā hiki koke mai ka pae hoʻoluʻu, ʻaʻole kūpono nā kūlana compost a ʻaʻole lawa ka decomposition o nā mea kanu.I kēia manawa hiki ke hoʻohuli i ka puʻu, kahi hui pūʻulu, i mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka lua o ka hoʻomehana ʻana, ka hoʻomehana ʻana, e hoʻoikaika i ka composting.
2.3.4 Ka wā o ka makua a me ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu
Ma hope o ka compost, emi ka leo a hāʻule ka mahana o ka compost i kahi kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma mua o ka mahana o ka lewa, a laila pono ke kaomi paʻa i ka compost, e hopena i kahi kūlana anaerobic a hoʻonāwaliwali i ka mineralization o nā mea organik, e mālama i ka fertilizer.
I ka pōkole, ʻo ke kaʻina fermentation o ka compost organik ke kaʻina o ka microbial metabolism a me ka hana hou.ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka microbial metabolism ke kaʻina o ka decomposition mea organik.ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā mea organik e hoʻohua mai i ka ikehu, ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ke kaʻina hana compost, hoʻonui i ka mahana, a maloʻo i ka substrate pulu.
Inā he nīnau ʻē aʻe paha kāu, e ʻoluʻolu e kelepona mai iā mākou ma kēia mau ala:
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Ka manawa hoʻouna: Apr-11-2022